<p>The State Line Archeological District  is a complex of archaeological sites and national historic district located west of Elizabethtown, Ohio, United States. Located on both sides of the Indiana/Ohio border, the historic district is composed of five contributing properties spread out across 8 acre of land. It is believed to have been the site of a village of the Fort Ancient culture of prehistoric Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>Radiocarbon dating has revealed that State Line was occupied at approximately the same time as the SunWatch site near Dayton, Ohio and the Turpin site at Newtown, Ohio, while post-excavation analysis has shown that the inhabitants of the three sites were all members of the same culture. Occupation of these sites is believed to date from the Middle Fort Ancient period of the thirteenth century AD.</p><br>
<p>A leading part of the district is a village site, also known as the "Henry Bechtel Village&quot it includes a wide midden and a cemetery. Plowing of the fields at the village site has frequently turned up a wide range of artifacts, including burial pits, hearths, and trash pits. Ceramics found during excavation at the site have typically been tempered with shells. This pottery shares many characteristics with that produced by Middle Mississippian cultures, such as distinctive styles of painting and the presence of pottery modelled after owls and the heads of humans.</p><br>
<p>Because the midden is wide but quite shallow, it has been proposed that the village&#39;s population was significant but its period of occupation was short.</p><br>
<p>Among the districts contributing properties are three small burial mounds, which appear to be the work of earlier mound building peoples. At one time, the site comprised five mounds, but only three remain within the districts boundaries.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, State Line was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its archaeological significance.</p><br>
<p>The Edward R. Stearns House is a historic residence in the city of Wyoming, Ohio, United States. Built at the turn of the twentieth century, it was the home of a business baron, and it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Stearns family</h2><br>
<p>Edward Stearns was a member of a family of prominent industrialists; his relative George Stearns was a founding partner of Stearns and Foster, a company that owned a textile mill in the nearby village of Lockland and operated a mattress-manufacturing plant, and Edward was later the company&#39;s head. Edward lived in the house from its construction until his death in 1914, after which a later company chief, Evan Foster Stearns, moved in with his family; his son Evan Jr., who also led the firm, was born in the house and lived there until 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Historic context</h2><br>
<p>Good transportation is a leading reason for Wyoming&#39;s prosperity. The city lies near the old pre-statehood road that connected Cincinnati with locations farther north, such as Fort Hamilton and Fallen Timbers. Curves in the road were cut off in 1806, forming a new road that is today followed by Springfield Pike through central Wyoming. Improvements in the 1830s only enhanced its importance. By this time, another mode of transportation had become significant: the Miami and Erie Canal was built a short distance to the east in 1828, and the village of Lockland grew up along its side. Railroads reached the city in 1851 with the construction of the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton Railroad on the border between Lockland and Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>Because of Wyoming&#39;s proximity to the industry of Lockland, its easy transportation to the booming city of Cincinnati, and its pleasant scenery, many wealthy industrialists purchased local farms and built grand country houses. Most such houses were built in the Wyoming Hills area, west of Springfield Pike; growth in this area continued until the coming of the Great Depression.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1902 according to a design by Alfred Oscar Elzner&#39;s firm, the Stearns House is a stone building with a stone foundation and a terracotta roof. Among its leading architectural features appears at the middle of the facade: a pavilion with a porte-cochère. Other structural details, such as the hip roof sitting atop the two-story walls, give it an appearance of a variant of the American Foursquare. It is distinguished from comparable houses in the city by its massive size, which helps to create an unusually strong sense of early twentieth century architecture in its appearance.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>In 1979, a local historic preservation group began a citywide survey to identify Wyomings historic buildings, and this effort culminated with a multiple property submission of eighteen houses, the Wyoming Presbyterian Church, and one historic district to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Among these houses was the home of William Stearns, Edwards relative and another early Stearns and Foster executive. Along with all but one of the other properties, both Stearns houses were listed on the Register in the following year, qualifying because of their important architecture and because of their prominent original residents.</p><br>
<p>The William Stearns House is a historic residence in the city of Wyoming, Ohio, United States, near Cincinnati. Built at the turn of the twentieth century, it was the home of a business baron, and it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>William Stearns</h2><br>
<p>William Stearns was a member of a family of prominent industrialists; his father George was a founding partner of Stearns and Foster, a company that owned a textile mill in the nearby village of Lockland and operated a mattress-manufacturing plant. Born in 1857, Stearns eventually came to head the company before his death in 1937.</p><br>
<h2>Historic context</h2><br>
<p>Good transportation is a leading reason for Wyoming&#39;s prosperity. The city lies near the old pre-statehood road that connected Cincinnati with locations farther north, such as Fort Hamilton and Fallen Timbers. Curves in the road were cut off in 1806, forming a new road that is today followed by Springfield Pike through central Wyoming. Improvements in the 1830s only enhanced its importance. By this time, another mode of transportation had become significant: the Miami and Erie Canal was built a short distance to the east in 1828, and the village of Lockland grew up along its side. Railroads reached the city in 1851 with the construction of the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton Railroad on the border between Lockland and Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>Because of Wyoming&#39;s proximity to the industry of Lockland, its easy transportation to the booming city of Cincinnati, and its pleasant scenery, many wealthy industrialists purchased local farms and built grand country houses. Most such houses were built in the Wyoming Hills area, west of Springfield Pike; growth in this area continued until the coming of the Great Depression.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1900, the Stearns House is a brick building with a stone foundation and a terracotta roof. Some of its structural details place it into the Queen Anne style of architecture, although its simple rectangular plan is atypical of the style. The two-and-a-half-story residence features a pavilion on the left side of the facade and a large porch elsewhere on the front and eastern side. One wishing to enter the house will ascend sandstone steps to the porch, which features iron railings, Ionic columns, and an ornate balustrade. All of its architectural elements combine to make it one of the city&#39;s most prominent examples of the Queen Anne style.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>In 1979, a local historic preservation group began a citywide survey to identify Wyomings historic buildings, and this effort culminated with a multiple property submission of eighteen houses, the Wyoming Presbyterian Church, and one historic district to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Among these houses was the home of Edward R. Stearns, Williams relative and another early Stearns and Foster executive. Along with all but one of the other properties, both Stearns houses were listed on the Register in the following year, qualifying because of their important architecture and because of their prominent original residents. The William Stearns House is one of five Reily Road houses included in this group, along with the Charles Fay House, the Luethstrom-Hurin House, the John C. Pollock House, and the Louis Sawyer House.</p><br>
<p>The Stites House is a historic residence in the Columbia-Tusculum neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1835, it is a brick structure with a stone foundation and a shingled roof; its architecture is a mix of the Federal and Greek Revival styles. The house is composed of two portions: the front, which Hezekiah Stites constructed in 1835, and the large rear wing, which Hezekiah&#39;s son Charles added in 1867. The original section is Federal except for its Greek Revival entrance portico: it features typical Federal chimneys and attic windows on the gabled ends, and it is largely free of ornamental elements otherwise. Conversely, the rear wing includes components such as a Victorian porch.</p><br>
<p>Overall, the Stites House is a well-preserved example of the Federal style and historically significant because of its great age. Depending on the houses age and its status as the home of the families of some of the communitys founders, it received substantial attention in a historic preservation survey of Columbia-Tusculum conducted in 1978. One year later, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places due to its historically significant architecture. It was one of seventeen Columbia-Tusculum properties included in a multiple property submission related to the previous year&#39;s historic preservation survey; most of the properties were buildings, but the Columbia Baptist and Fulton-Presbyterian Cemeteries were also included.</p><br>
<p>The Gordon E. Pape House, also known as Sunny Knolls, is a historic building in Indian Hill, Ohio. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on June 9, 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Gordon E. Pape House is one of five sites in Indian Hill that is listed on the National Register, along with the Elliott House, the Jefferson Schoolhouse, the Methodist church, and the Washington Heights School.</p><br>
<p>The Sycamore-13th Street Grouping is a cluster of historic buildings in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Built during the middle and later years of the nineteenth century, these eighteen buildings are built of brick and sandstone with elements of stone and iron. Some of the buildings feature elements of the Greek Revival, Italianate, or Queen Anne styles of architecture, but the majority of the buildings in the cluster are simple vernacular structures. Virtually all of the buildings in the grouping were constructed for residential purposes, although some were built exclusively as apartment buildings, while some originally had both residential and commercial space. The structures built as commercial-and-residential buildings are those most likely to feature defined architectural styles, rather than vernacular designs.</p><br>
<p>Nearly all of the buildings in the grouping, if not all, were built according to plans in common carpenters&#39; books of the day. As such, they are important examples of late nineteenth-century architecture in built-up urban areas; although they are architecturally different, their similar methods of construction combines them into a unified cluster. In recognition of its distinctive historic architecture, the Sycamore-13th Street Grouping was declared a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. One year later, virtually all of Over-the-Rhine (more than 1,200 buildings) was similarly designated and added to the Register.</p><br>
<p>The John Tangeman House is a historic house in the city of Wyoming, Ohio, United States. The city&#39;s best house of its style, the residence was once home to a prosperous factory owner, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>As Wyoming&#39;s best Italianate residence, the Tangeman House conveys a clear picture of pre-Civil War Wyoming, especially when seen from the front. Built of brick on a stone foundation, the two-story house is covered with an asphalt roof and features additional elements of wood and stone. A large front porch surrounds the entrance and the rest of the three-bay facade. Decorative corbelling supports the edges of the roof, which features twin chimneys near its center; it has the overall shape of a hip roof. Significant elements of the porch include the chamfered pillars, decorative molding, and arches with elaborate latticework.</p><br>
<h2>Historic context</h2><br>
<p>Good transportation is a leading reason for Wyoming&#39;s prosperity. The city lies near the old pre-statehood road that connected Cincinnati with locations farther north, such as Fort Hamilton and Fallen Timbers. Curves in the road were cut off in 1806, forming a new road that is today followed by Springfield Pike through central Wyoming. Improvements in the 1830s only enhanced its importance. By this time, another mode of transportation had become significant: the Miami and Erie Canal was built a short distance to the east in 1828, and the village of Lockland grew up along its side. Railroads reached the city in 1851 with the construction of the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton Railroad on the border between Lockland and Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>Because of Wyoming&#39;s proximity to the industry of Lockland, its easy transportation to the booming city of Cincinnati, and its pleasant scenery, many wealthy industrialists purchased local farms and built grand country houses. Most such houses were built in the Wyoming Hills area, west of Springfield Pike; growth in this area continued until the coming of the Great Depression. As the owner of the Tangeman Paper Company in Lockland, John Tangeman was among the first industrialists to build a house in Wyoming. He resided on the property for more than thirty years, beginning at its completion in 1857 and continuing until 1891 at least.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>In 1979, a local historic preservation group began a citywide survey to identify Wyoming&#39;s historic buildings, and this effort culminated with a multiple property submission of eighteen houses, the Wyoming Presbyterian Church, and one historic district to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Along with all but one of the other properties, the Tangeman House was listed on the Register in the following year, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture and because of its connection to Tangeman.</p><br>
<p>Peter G. Thomson House, commonly known as Laurel Court, is a registered historic building in Cincinnati, Ohio, listed in the National Register on November 29, 1979.</p><br>
<p>Currently the house is a private residence that is available for tours by reservation and for special events.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>Peter G. Thomson, founder of The Champion Coated Paper Co., began construction on Laurel Court in 1902. He selected James Gamble Rogers, the nephew of Peters wife, Laura Gamble Thomson, to design the Gilded Age mansion. Rogers based the houses ordonnance and design on the Trianon de Marbre, the Grand Trianon at Versailles, France, as can be seen from the duplication of the Grand Trianon&#39;s decorated Ionic order and the concept of a colonnade between cubical pavilions. The house is smaller than the Grand Trianon, it is revetted in simple stone rather than the marble of the French prototype, it is two stories rather than one, and was adapted to meet the requirements of a private residence at the time of construction.</p><br>
<p>The Thomson family moved into the College Hill residence in 1907.</p><br>
<h3>Features</h3><br>
<p>Atrium with a retractable roof</p><br>
<p>Rookwood tile swimming pool</p><br>
<p>Turkish carpets</p><br>
<p>Library paneled in African rosewood</p><br>
<p>Music room decorated in gold leaf</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Single Dwelling</p><br>
<p>Secondary Structure</p><br>
<p>Residence of the Archbishop of Cincinnati (1947-1977)</p><br>
<p>Former residence of Donald Larosa</p><br>
<p>The Gerald B. and Beverley Tonkens House, also known as the Tonkens House, is a single story private residence designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1954. The house was commissioned by Gerald B. Tonkens  and his first wife Rosalie. It is located in Amberley Village, a village in Hamilton County, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Wright designed the home in the Usonian Automatic style and it is considered one of the finest and most intact examples of Usonian Automatic architecture ever produced. It was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed in the National Register of Historic Places on October 3, 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Tonkens House is a single story, three bedroom, two bathroom private residence, designed in the Usonian Automatic style. The house occupies a 3.54-acre block in Amberley Village, Ohio and measures some 2,100 square feet. An early 20th-century guest cottage also occupies the property, a remnant of its earlier use as a farm.</p><br>
<p>The Usonian Automatic style was Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s final architectural period and is based on a modular design system that employed interlocking, precast concrete blocks. It was first conceived by Wright in the wake of the Depression in 1936 and later developed in response to a lack of low-cost housing and rising construction costs following the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>Like many of Wrights Usonian style buildings, the Tonkens House floorplan mimics the shape of a polliwog. The tail of the polliwog is represented by the bedroom wing, with each room opening off into a long, narrow hallway. The hallway leads into the body&#39; of the house, a bright and expansive living room or Great Room, kitchen and foyer. This configuration allowed for additional rooms to be added to the bedroom wing if required. The Great Room was designed as a large, warm and welcoming space, a room in which the family and their guests could gather.</p><br>
<p>The master bedroom includes an en-suite and private study, which opens onto a private patio. Ceilings in the bedroom wing are low (7.5 feet) and gilded in 18 karat gold leaf, while those in the Great Room, kitchen and foyer are high (10.5 feet and 13.5 feet respectively) and unembellished. The Great Room contains a cantilevered fireplace and east-facing wall of floor-to-ceiling windows and French doors that open onto a lanai at the rear of the house. In typical Frank Lloyd Wright style, Philippine mahogany was used for interior paneling and furniture. Piano hinges (hinges extending from the top to the bottom of a door) were used for all doors in the house, including closet doors.</p><br>
<p>Eleven styles of precast concrete blocks, reinforced by steel rods, were used for its construction including 492 windows contained within the precast concrete blocks. In lieu of gutters, copper flashing and downspouts were incorporated into its design to allow for water to run off the rubber membrane and pea gravel insulated roof.</p><br>
<p>Two Wright designed gates guard a Cherokee red concrete driveway leading towards the house. The dwelling has no garage or basement, keeping with Wright&#39;s well known dislike for such spaces. Instead, two carports—divided by concrete and glass pillars—and two storage sheds occupy the property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gerald B. Tonkens was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1919 where he was exposed to many examples of Frank Lloyd Wrights architecture from a young age. This had a lasting effect on Tonkens, who later stated "I always admired Mr Wrights work. I always knew that I would never build a house on my own unless it was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright".</p><br>
<p>After graduating from the University of Wisconsin in the early 1940s, Tonkens joined the U.S military, fighting with the Eighth Air Force during World War Two. Tonkens met and married his first wife, Red Cross nurse, Rosalie Robbins, while stationed with the military in Europe.</p><br>
<p>By 1953 the couple had two daughters and decided to move to Hamilton County, where Gerald established the Tonkens Oldsmobile-Cadillac dealership in Hamilton, Ohio. In 1954 Gerald and Rosalie purchased a 2.75 acre block in Amberley Village, Ohio for $6,000. The land was cheap in comparison to surrounding lots, many of which sold for an average price of $25,000 per acre. When Rosalie queried the price, she was told that the property was considered a "problem lot" as no architect had been able to engineer a driveway up the steep incline from the road to the house. When this was later raised with Wright, he replied "They built the Suez Canal, didnt they? Well go right up the middle with a big shovel".</p><br>
<p>Once the purchase was finalized, the couple who were on a tight budget, yet still wanted a Frank Lloyd Wright-esque home, approached a local architect who had studied under Wright in the 1930s. Although early meetings were successful, Gerald and Rosalie were ultimately unhappy with the architects design and cancelled their agreement in early 1954. After some discussion, they decided to contact Wright himself with a proposal for the house and a budget of $25,000. Shortly thereafter, Wright invited them to Taliesin in Spring Green, Wisconsin to discuss the design. Their meeting was a success and the first half of 1954 was spent developing designs for the house via letter and telegram between the Tonkens and Wrights personal assistant Eugene Beyer "Gene" Masselink. In mid-1954 Wright asked if the couple would be interested in being his guinea pigs stating his desire to design their home as "an experiment in Usonian Automatic architecture". They agreed, and Wright&#39;s preliminary designs for the home were completed in October.</p><br>
<p>Drawings for the Tonkens House were completed by Wright, his grandson and apprentice, Eric Lloyd Wright, and John H. "Jack" Howe. John deKoven Hill and Cornelia Brierly were landscape designers on the project. Engineering drawings were completed by William Wesley Peters, Edmond Thomas "Tom" Casey and Mendel Glickman. Glickman was also solely responsible for the ceiling block engineering. Furniture, upholstery and fabric selections for the house were supervised by John deKoven Hill. Final drawings and specifications were presented to Gerald and Rosalie on February 25, 1955, and approved soon after. The Tonkens House was assigned project number 5510 by the Taliesin Foundation.</p><br>
<p>The final design featured three bedrooms, one study, two bathrooms, Philippine mahogany paneling throughout, a grand living room (the Great Room) with a cantilevered fireplace, two carports and two storage sheds. A comprehensive furniture plan included built-in pieces as well as Frank Lloyd Wright designed furniture from his collection for Henredon Furniture, and Wright designed upholstery.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in the Tonkens family for over six decades, until it was sold to a private buyer in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The Tonkens hired local contractor, Horace Wersel, to be the project lead and Cincinnati firm Harvard Construction Co. to build the house. Construction was overseen by the Taliesin Fellowship, which was represented by Eric Lloyd Wright. Wright spent over a year living in Cincinnati while overseeing the home&#39;s construction. Such close supervision was unusual for Wright, and the Tonkens House was the first Usonian Automatic structure to be solely directed by a Taliesin fellow.</p><br>
<p>The home incorporated Wrights iconic precast concrete blocks. These were made using metal molds into which concrete was poured and then set. The Tonkens house is built using eleven block variations, which allowed for infinite modifications to the design. Masonry subcontractors were used to lay the foundation, while carpentry subcontractors were used to lay the blocks. Blocks were two feet wide by one foot high for walls, and two feet high by two feet wide for ceilings. Blocks were adhered to a reinforced concrete slab, unlike Wrights Californian homes, in which ceiling blocks were adhered to wooden slabs. Concrete blocks for the Tonkens House were made as a lightweight cinder block. Because cinder blocks are porous, a sand based sealer was applied to the exterior of the building to waterproof the house.</p><br>
<p>By mid-1955 the total cost of construction, including Wright&#39;s 10 percent fee and additional costs for interior furnishings, was up to $59,000. The increase was due in part to rising values of materials such as steel, concrete and wood. Complications associated with casting concrete blocks also raised construction costs. Expenditure continued to increase throughout the duration of the construction and Cindy Damschroder estimates that the final cost of construction was likely to have been around $118,000.</p><br>
<p>The Tonkens House was completed in late-July 1956. Frank Lloyd Wright died in 1959. Prior to his death he was in the midst of designing the Beth Sholom Congregation in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, the Guggenheim Museum in New York City, as well as a number of residential homes and he never saw the Tonkens House completed. He did however meet with the Tonkens soon after construction works had ended, presenting them with a hand signed, Cherokee red glazed tile to attest his approval of the home. The tile was permanently placed on the exterior wall, just outside the front entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Variations in design</h2><br>
<p>Over the eighteen month construction period, a number of minor changes were made to the original design. These included modifying the driveway, installing additional electrical outlets to the exterior of the house and increasing the size of the master bedroom. A pool was included in initial designs and registered by Taliesin. In late 1955, Eric Lloyd Wright proposed that the pool be relocated as it was positioned above solid ground, with only earth fill below. Although the pool was relocated and re-sized, it was never built. A cabana and covered porch were also envisioned for the site, but these did not make it onto the final designs.</p><br>
<h2>Repair and restoration</h2><br>
<p>In July 2001, renovations were undertaken to restore and upgrade the homes aging roof, original plumbing, wiring and kitchen. As works were underway, a heavy rainstorm hit the Greater Cincinnati area. In addition to flooding more than 70 homes and killing three people, strong winds blew protective tarp off the roof, exposing it to the heavy downpour. The Philippine mahogany walls and cabinetry in the living room, dining room and kitchen all suffered significant water damage, as did the homes precast concrete block ceiling. These elements required replacement, a project that took almost a year to complete. Care was taken to ensure the renovations were sympathetic to the original design and character of the home and it continues to be the only largely unaltered Frank Lloyd Wright house in the Greater Cincinnati area.</p><br>
<p>In mid-2015, the new roof was found to have failed. Additional repairs are currently underway, a complex task due to the unique design of the structure.</p><br>
<p>The Turpin site  is an archaeological site in the southwestern portion of the USA state of Ohio. Located near Newtown in Hamilton County, the site includes the remains of a village of the Fort Ancient culture and of multiple burial mounds. Numerous bodies have been found in and around the mounds as a result of thorough site investigations. The archaeological value of the site has resulted in its use in the study of similar locations and in its designation as a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Local residents began to explore the Turpin site at the end of the eighteenth century. At this time, it appears that at least three mounds were located in the vicinity of the main village site, as well as a Native American cemetery. This cemetery was a primary focus of an excavation in 1800, which resulted in the unearthing of fifty skeletons.</p><br>
<p>In 1881, the premier mound at the site — then on the farmstead of Philip Turpin — was recorded as being known as one of the principal prehistoric sites in Anderson Township; at that time, it stood 10 ft high, and its base had a circumference of 175 ft. Due to its size and location along the road between Cincinnati and Batavia, it was a local landmark. Surrounding the mound was the densest portion of the cemetery; an 1877 history of the area said that "human remains may be exhumed with almost every lift of spade or shovel." Other mounds at the site included a stone mound believed to have been built during the Late Woodland period and an earth mound dating from the Fort Ancient period. During the late nineteenth century, two of the smaller mounds at the site were excavated under the direction of Charles Metz, and the Fort Ancient mound (the primary mound at the site) was investigated in 1947 by an expedition sponsored by the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History. Charles Metz had reported that this mound had apparently been reduced by the Turpin family. Over sixty bodies were found to have been interred within it. While both adults and children were buried within many Fort Ancient mounds, the presence of many infant bodies in the Turpin mound distinguishes it from some other mounds of the period. Unlike many Fort Ancient mounds, this mound was found to include no structures underneath the actual mound, and few bodies were accompanied by grave goods.</p><br>
<h2>Contemporary understanding</h2><br>
<p>The professional excavations of the twentieth century revealed that the Turpin site was primarily a Fort Ancient village, although some Late Woodland influence was also present. Twenty years later, a study of the chronology of the Fort Ancient culture assigned Turpin to the Early Fort Ancient period and the Madisonville site to the Late Fort Ancient period. The typical resident of an Early Fort Ancient village lived in a single-family house, unlike the larger multiple-family houses found at villages such as the Madisonville site in Mariemont, just across the Little Miami River from Newtown.</p><br>
<p>Based on artifacts found at the site, such as decorated ceramics and tempered pottery, the studys author concluded that the sites inhabitants were influenced by Mississippian groups such as the people of the Angel phase. Among the distinctive features of Turpin pottery is the presence of guilloché whose holes include smaller holes at their centers; this feature has also been found at two other sites in the valley of the Little Miami. Writing in 1986, Wesley Cowan proposed Turpin as a type site for a phase of the Fort Ancient culture in southwestern Ohio, lasting from AD 1000 to 1250.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>As one of southwestern Ohio&#39;s more significant archaeological sites, the Turpin site has been used as a benchmark for the study of other Fort Ancient sites in the Ohio River watershed. In 2007, Kathleen Brady-Rawlins made extensive use of data from Turpin in her post excavation analysis of the O.C. Voss Site in western Franklin County, along with other sites in southern and central Ohio. Furthermore, the site has been recognized as worthy of prehistoric preservation by the National Park Service; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Four other sites in the Newtown vicinity, including the Madisonville site, are also listed on the National Register. The Turpin site and the surrounding farm are still owned by the Turpin family, which grows sod on the property.</p><br>
<p>Twelve Mile House</p><br>
<p>In 1842, The Twelve Mile House was originally built as an inn and tavern for travelers and local residents.</p><br>
<p>A simple, but imposing building. The Twelve Mile House was built in the Greek Revival Style, which is considered to be the first style to be developed in America. It is particularly noted for its feeling of monumental permanence.</p><br>
<p>Under various ownership and through 1861, the building continued to serve as a hotel with restaurant and bar until sometime after 1912. The Victorian bar entrance featuring beer mugs in relief on stone pilasters beside the doorway and grapes cut into lintel above is of particular significance in the buildings architectural history and has been retained as a monument to the past.</p><br>
<p>During the years until 1915, the inn served as a refuge to drivers, who herded cattle and hogs to the stockyards of Cincinnati, and to the haulers, who teamed huge loads of hay to livery stables and horse barns in the city. Throughout Prohibition Days, the inn gained new life as a Road House with dancing, live bands and entertainment. In later years, the original structure as expanded to accommodate additional business.</p><br>
<p>The Twelve Mile House has served as a landmark through the cultural and population changes within our society. Commercial activity created by its existence has played a significant role in the development of the present city of Sharonville.</p><br>
<p>Today, this structure has been preserved and will continue to serve the community and its heirs as a landmark of our past and the future.</p><br>
<p>Twelve Mile House is a registered historic building in Sharonville, Ohio, listed in the National Register on September 1, 1976.</p><br>
<p>Early Previous Known Owners</p><br>
<p>David Mills 1842-1854 (built the Inn)</p><br>
<p>George Metzger 1859 – 1868</p><br>
<p>Victor Grolle 1869-1890</p><br>
<p>Frank Knippschild 1890 – 1893</p><br>
<p>Nick Stegmann 1894 – 1904</p><br>
<p>Peter Funk 1905 – 1912</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Hotel</p><br>
<p>Restaurant</p><br>
<p>Other usesTwin Oaks </p><br>
<p>Twin Oaks, also known as the "Robert Reily House", is a historically significant residence in the city of Wyoming, located near Cincinnati in the southwestern corner of the USA state of Ohio. Constructed in the middle of the nineteenth century, it was the home of Robert Reily, one of the leading citizens of early Wyoming. Its heavy stone architecture features a mix of two important architectural styles of the period, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Although the cores of its walls are brick, Twin Oaks is primarily a stone building with a stone foundation and a slate roof; minor elements of iron are present, along with wooden trim. Two and a half stories tall, it is topped with a hip roof; the general style is Queen Anne, although when built it was much closer to the typical Gothic Revival residence. The facade is divided into two bays, with two windows in each; the bay on the right (as seen from the street) rises to a gable and is pierced by four windows, while the left bay stops at the normal roofline and features the main entrance. A side entrance with portico is placed farther to the rear, underneath another subsidiary gable.</p><br>
<h2>Historic context</h2><br>
<p>Good transportation is a leading reason for Wyoming&#39;s prosperity. The city lies near the old pre-statehood road that connected Cincinnati with locations farther north, such as Fort Hamilton and Fallen Timbers. Curves in the road were cut off in 1806, forming a new road that is today followed by Springfield Pike through central Wyoming. Improvements in the 1830s only enhanced its importance. By this time, another mode of transportation had become significant: the Miami and Erie Canal was built a short distance to the east in 1828, and the village of Lockland grew up along its side. Railroads reached the city in 1851 with the construction of the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton Railroad on the border between Lockland and Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>Because of Wyoming&#39;s proximity to the industry of Lockland, its easy transportation to the booming city of Cincinnati, and its pleasant scenery, many wealthy industrialists purchased local farms and built grand country houses. Most such houses were built in the Wyoming Hills area, west of Springfield Pike; growth in this area continued until the coming of the Great Depression.</p><br>
<h2>Robert Reily</h2><br>
<p>Born in 1820 in Butler County to the north, Robert Reily was the son of pioneer educator John Reily, who started Cincinnati&#39;s earliest school in 1790 after military service during the American Revolution. Young Reily went into business at a comparatively young age, finding employment at a store that sold imported textiles; he began as a clerk, but he eventually rose to become the owner before selling the business and retiring in 1859, aged less than forty years.</p><br>
<p>Reily had the present house built in 1854 on a hilltop above the valley of Mill Creek. The grandest of the old houses in the Wyoming Hills area, it was constructed to be comparable to the Gothic Revival houses that wealthy men were building in Cincinnati at the time. In the early 1860s, when local residents decided to organize their small community and give it a name, Twin Oaks was chosen as the meeting place. Those present were initially unable to agree on a name, but Reily&#39;s support for "Wyoming" won over the other men, and when the village was incorporated, he was chosen as the first mayor. Only for a short time did he occupy this position; the Civil War was being fought, and before long Reily entered military service. As lieutenant colonel of the 75th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, he was killed at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>In 1975, Twin Oaks was listed on the National Register of Historic Places; it qualified both because of its historically significant architecture and because of its connection to Robert Reily. Four years later, a local historic preservation group began a citywide survey to identify Wyoming&#39;s historic buildings, and this effort culminated with a multiple property submission of eighteen houses, the Wyoming Presbyterian Church, and one historic district to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Twin Oaks was one of the houses included in this group; it was listed on the Register for a second time, even though it had never been removed.</p><br>
<p>The Underwriter&#39;s Salvage Corps in Cincinnati, Ohio was created and operated by the Underwriters Association, a syndicate of Cincinnati-based fire insurance companies, for the purpose of reducing financial losses to their companies from claims due to building fires by providing a company of trained men with proper equipment to work in conjunction with the city fire department to protect life, structures and their contents from fire, smoke damage, and damage from the water that was used to fight the fire. The Salvage Corps worked to save and protect the structure and its contents while the city fire department concentrated on rescuing persons from the burning structure and extinguishing the flames. The Salvage Corps provided this service to all property owners without charge, whether they were insured or not.</p><br>
<p>Modelled after Bill Bullwinkles Fire Insurance Patrol (1871-1959) in Chicago, the Underwriters Salvage Corps in Cincinnati began operation November 24, 1886 and ceased operations on June 30, 1959 when the Cincinnati Fire Department Squad 1 assumed its role.</p><br>
<p>The Salvage Corps was organized in 1886 by William Calvert, Frederick Rauh, and John A. Townsley and operated under a board of trustees as a private company. Authorization to operate in conjunction with the city fire department was granted through the authority of the city Board of Fire Commissioners, who granted the company superintendent Herman F. Newman, and later the members of the Corps, equal status and authority as any city fireman. This legal structure would continue for the next 16 years.</p><br>
<p>Under an act of the Ohio Legislature passed April 29, 1902, William H. Calvert, Karl A. Benndorf, J. W. Montgomery, William Stredelman, and Edward E. Shipley reorganized the Salvage Corps into a non-profit corporation, a structure it would retain until it dissolved in 1959. Entitled H.B. 636, the purpose of the act was to allow formation of corporations for "...discovering and preventing fires and of saving property and life..." by providing for the establishment of companies of men with proper equipment to accomplish the tasks mentioned. These companies were also authorized "...to enter any building at any time for the purpose of inspection and any building on fire or which may be exposed to or in danger of taking fire..." in order to protect the structure, property, or life therein during or after the fire has been extinguished. The statute concluded by restating the line of authority at a fire scene as previously established under Ohio law and under which these organizations would function, "...said superintendent and the members of said patrol, while on duty at a fire, shall in all respects be subordinate to and under the control of the public authority...", specifically the senior fire officer on the scene being in overall command.</p><br>
<p>Over time, the Salvage Corps became so integral to fighting fire in the City of Cincinnati that they were nearly indistinguishable from the Cincinnati Fire Department and CFD personnel. Even though they were a privately held, funded, and operated company, their apparatus, uniforms, and equipment were identical to that of the city fire department. They used the same communication and radio frequencies as the city department to facilitate contact at fire scenes, and training was integrated between the two organizations to better foster understanding of procedures, cooperation, and efficiency of effort.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>In Cincinnati, firefighting and saving property from fire began with the beginning of the village creating a long established tradition. Founded in 1788, the village appointed a "night watch" in 1789, who like the Vigiles Urbani of Rome, patrolled the streets looking for structure fires so that people could sleep soundly and at peace in their beds. In the Cincinnati Division of Fire, the term "night watch" continues to this day designating the over night period and the term is also used by fire personnel to designate assignment to the station&#39;s communications room during the overnight period, an assignment based upon a rotating schedule of personnel from all companies in the house. In 1802, the village passed an ordinance requiring every household to possess a leather bucket of specific dimensions to be used for fire fighting. In 1808, the Fire Bucket Company was organized by the village to formalize firefighting operations.</p><br>
<p>Salvage companies were formed later as an adjunct of fire fighting in the city. On December 21, 1820, The Protection Society Company No. 1 was formed with an authorized membership of 100, its purpose was the saving of lives, protecting property and preventing theft at fire scenes. By 1830, it had but 50 enrolled members. A second company, The Company of Cincinnati Fire Guards, began operation in August, 1832. Authorized for a membership of 250, their role was not only salvage and protection but use of police powers to cordon off fire scenes and control access, remove intruders, and compel bystanders to assist with salvage operations or firefighting. The company disbanded in 1854, the year after the city established the first full-time municipally operated fire department.</p><br>
<h3>Stations</h3><br>
<p>The Salvage Corps operated from four stations over its 74 years of operation. When the Corps began operation in November, 1886, "...the first location was in a stable on the east side of Bowen Alley (now Bowen Street in Downtown Cincinnati), north of 8th Street, between Walnut and Main Streets." This installation contained a horse, a wagon and its salvage equipment plus the few men employed by the Corps at the time. This location operated until a new headquarters was occupied in 1897.</p><br>
<p>The minutes of a Special Meeting of the Board of Trustees on July 23, 1897 show authorization for a 12 year lease/option to buy for a property at 114 East 8th Street, just around the corner from the Bowen Alley location, to be used for the construction of a new Salvage House. The minutes of that meeting also show acceptance of a bid from William Schuberth in the amount of $6220.00 to construct the building on that site using the Salvage Corps plans and specifications. This would be the Salvage Corps headquarters until 1924.</p><br>
<p>On July 15, 1982, this building, now numbered 112 East 8th Street was added to the National Register of Historic Places, with the reference number 82003589. The building is listed as three and a half stories of brick construction on a stone foundation in the Queen Anne style. In 2019, a Northern Kentucky trucking company acquired the building for its corporate headquarters and offices.</p><br>
<p>In 1908, a second station was put into service on the corner of Barnard and Lowry Streets, near Spring Grove Avenues and a block south of the east end of the then new Western Hills Viaduct. This station would continue in operation until 1924. The building was subsequently razed during the 1980&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>During this period of two station operation, for purposes of response, the city was divided at Vine Street, the city&#39;s main North-South corridor - the 8th Street station handled all calls east of Vine St., while the Barnard Street station responded to all calls west of Vine Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1924, a new Headquarters building to house the Corps operations was built and opened at 912-918 Elm Street, behind Crosley Square, the offices and studios of WLW radio. On the first floor, the building had three bays to house the custom-built GMC/Kinnaird Body Works apparatus used by the Corpsmen. It also included a work area for maintenance and cleaning, plus the "Joker Room", the term for the communications center of the station. On the second floor were the Administrative Offices and for the on-duty personnel the living quarters with a kitchen and lounge. Sliding poles for quick access to the apparatus floor were included.</p><br>
<p>When the Salvage Corps ceased operation in 1959, building ownership devolved to the City of Cincinnati. It would be used by various city departments for storage and other purposes until 2019 when it was transferred to private ownership.</p><br>
<h3>Marguerite</h3><br>
<p>The Underwriters Salvage Corps in Cincinnati employed "...the first successful motor-propelled fire vehicle to be put in operation anywhere in the United States." Around 1900, the Salvage Corps administration realized that Cincinnatis "...hilly, horse-killing terrain..." might be better served by a new invention, the automobile, and went into planning a motorized replacement for the older horse-drawn salvage wagons.</p><br>
<p>After several years of research and planning, the Salvage Corps purchased a Winton motor car chassis with a two-cylinder, 50 horsepower motor capable of climbing the hills of Cincinnati. Known as a "sidewinder", the engine starting crank was inserted into the motor from the side of the vehicle instead of the more common front entry. The tires of the vehicle were made of laminated leather either nailed or riveted to the wood spoke wheels.</p><br>
<p>From the many carriage and wagon manufacturers in the city, the Corps selected the Hanauer Bicycle Company on East 7th Street near Corps headquarters to make the custom designed body. The body had an open bed with a bench seat for the Corpsmen on each side and a wire basket behind the cab for tools and equipment, the configuration being nearly identical to that of the horse-drawn wagons that had been in service since the beginning of the organization. Various equipment was mounted on the running boards along each side of the vehicle with hand-held fire extinguishers being added later.</p><br>
<p>Although sources differ on the date that the "Marguerite" was put into service, 1905 is most quoted. This unit was overhauled in 1907 to enlarge the body and make improvements to the motor.</p><br>
<p>The truck was christened with a bottle of champagne by Marguerite Conway, eldest daughter of Superintendent Jack Conway when put into service. As a result, the Corpsmen began referring to the truck as the "Marguerite" to differentiate it from other equipment and the nickname stuck. The name was later painted onto the side of the unit.</p><br>
<h3>Technology and operations</h3><br>
<p>Techniques and tactics for extinguishing uncontrolled structure fires and protecting the contents thereof would evolve over time. In America&#39;s Colonial Period, when an uncontrolled structure fire almost guaranteed that the building would burn to the ground due to a lack of adequate firefighting capability, volunteer organizations of concerned citizens rescued victims and carried out furniture, specifically the costly bed first, and any other property that could be reached and removed as the only option open to them. By 1800, volunteer fire brigades were common in most cities, the first of which was formed in Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin in 1736. Most of these were ineffectual bucket brigades or used hand-powered engines of little capacity although somewhat better than buckets alone.</p><br>
<p>In 1852, Alexander Bonner Latta, a railroad locomotive builder in Cincinnati, in cooperation with Abel Shawk and Miles Greenwood, a local foundry operator and future Chief of the new Cincinnati Fire Department, created the first successful steam-powered piston-pump fire engine. This advance in technology would rule firefighting until the early 20th Century when fire trucks with gasoline engines replaced pumpers powered by steam and drawn by horses. By mid-century, centrifugal pumps would replace piston pumps on all fire fighting vehicles.</p><br>
<p>Advances in salvage operations followed advances in fire fighting. In Cincinnati in 1836, Mathew Carey, known locally as "Old Mat", is credited with innovating the use of wet mats, wet carpets, and wet blankets hung on adjacent buildings as a form of protection from taking fire from the burning theater next door. Fifty years later, this innovation would become the centerpiece of Salvage Corps operations. Made of "duck", a course woven cotton clothe graded by weight from 1, the densest, to 12, the lightest, as set by the Federal Bureau of Standards, these 12 by 18 foot covers, like tarpaulins, were used in a variety of ways depending upon their Salvage Corps classification - Class As were new, Class Bs were older covers and contained tears or holes that had been patched at some prior time, Class Cs were older still, had been patched many times and were only used to cover broken windows. When Class Cs were no longer serviceable, they were cut up and used as patches.</p><br>
<p>The Salvage Corps used these covers for various protective schemes. The most frequent was covering merchandise to prevent water or smoke damage during firefighting operations. They could also be set up to divert water from fire hoses to outside the building or away from merchandise within the property. When fire or bad weather had unroofed a building or broken windows, covers were spread across the exposed roof openings as temporary roofing or over windows as temporary closures. They were also used as Old Mat had used his, as protection from "adjacent exposures", a fire department term for buildings or anything at risk of burning from proximity to a working fire.</p><br>
<p>Sprinkler systems were another potential source of damage with which the Salvage Corps had to deal. Patented in 1874 by Philip Pratt sprinkler systems are a series of metal pipes charged with water attached to the ceiling of a structure into which specialized "heads" are installed at specific distances along each pipe. Each valve, or "head", has a soft metal ball that holds the valve closed until the heat of the fire melts the ball allowing the valve to open and spray water to suppress the fire below. As with water from fire hoses, water from sprinkler systems could be equally damaging to contents and property so the Salvage Corps carried specialized equipment for shutting off sprinkler systems whether do to fire or burst pipes due to freezing.</p><br>
<p>The Salvage Corps also dealt with ventilating smoke, which could easily damage merchandise, as well as life-threatening poisonous fumes, an inherent danger in firefighting that could cost any personnel working the fire scene their life. In this era before self-contained breathing apparatus air masks became the standard for personnel fighting fire, "gas masks" were rudimentary, if available at all, and ventilating the "scene" was critical to fire fighter safety. The Salvage Corps carried large fans for this purpose powered by generators in their custom designed trucks.</p><br>
<h2>Superintendents</h2><br>
<p>The Salvage Corps had four superintendents, or chiefs, during the existence of the company.</p><br>
<h2>Corpsmen Killed in the line of duty</h2><br>
<p>In the 74 years of operation, The Salvage Corps had four members killed in the line of duty.</p><br>
<p>Union Baptist Cemetery located at 4933 Cleves Warsaw Pike, in the Price Hill neighborhood, is a registered historic district in Cincinnati, Ohio, listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 20, 2002. It contains a single contributing building. The cemetery is the oldest Baptist African-American cemetery in Cincinnati.this cemetery is in great need for some tender loving care, A good grounds man will truly be a plus, there are a lot of headstones that are broken, no clean up has been done, please advise of what can be done in this matter, I’m 74, but is willing to help</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery was established by the Union Baptist Church in 1864 by members of the Union Baptist Church. Almost 150 other USCT veterans are buried at Union Baptist Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Newt Allen, a Negro league baseball player</p><br>
<p>Powhatan Beaty, a Medal of Honor recipient and American Civil War veteran of the 5th United States Colored Infantry Regiment.</p><br>
<p>Bishop Mary Beck Bell, founder of the Spiritualist Church of the Soul</p><br>
<p>Tiny Bradshaw, musician</p><br>
<p>Edith Hern Fossett, enslaved cook for Thomas Jefferson at President&#39;s House (White House) and head cook at Monticello</p><br>
<p>Hon. George W. Hayes</p><br>
<p>David Leroy Nickens</p><br>
<p>Consuelo Clark-Stewart</p><br>
<p>Jennie Porter, founder of the Harriet Beecher Stowe School</p><br>
<p>Wallace "Bud" Smith, boxer</p><br>
<p>The United Brethren in Christ Church, also known as "Five Mile Chapel", is a historic church building located southeast of Cincinnati in Anderson Township, Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. Built in 1844, it is a stone building with a stone foundation and a slate roof. It was the house of worship for the oldest Church of the United Brethren in Christ congregation in southeastern Hamilton County, which became the mother of other congregations: some of its members later left to found other United Brethren in Christ churches elsewhere in Hamilton County and in the surrounding community.</p><br>
<p>The church was built by its members using stones quarried from the small creek that flows past the church building. Its floor plan is that of a rectangle, modified by the 1896 addition of a bell tower to the front with an entrance in its base. Among the most distinctive elements of its architecture is a large Gothic window on the front facade. Except for the front, the church is surrounded by its cemetery, which is of a date approximately equal to the church building.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the United Brethren in Christ Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Although both churches and cemeteries must pass hurdles higher than other types of properties to qualify for inclusion on the Register, it qualified both because of its well-preserved architecture and because of its place as a significant component of local history.</p><br>
<p>Armstrong Chapel United Methodist Church is a historic church in the city of Indian Hill, Ohio, United States. Built in 1831, It was designated a historic site in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Nathanial and Hannah Armstrong, formerly residents of Virginia, arrived in southwestern Ohio in 1800; they soon built a log cabin and gristmill on their land and began farming. By this time, occasional circuit-riding ministers of the Methodist Church were visiting the area, but the settlers worshipped in each homes because there were no church buildings nearby. As this situation continued for decades, in 1830 Armstrong donated one of the best pieces of his land for the construction of a church and cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The church was erected in the summer of 1831 under the leadership of Samuel Earhart; were constructed from locally made bricks whose clay originated on Earharts property. The adjacent cemetery had already been founded; its first burial was Hannah Armstrong, who had died four years before the churchs completion in the fall of 1831. Nathanial Armstrong provided that the church be made available for the use of whichever denomination had the greatest number of members in the vicinity. Both at that time and at all times since, the church has been used by Methodists. Relatively few changes have been made to the building since its construction; a tower was added in 1890, but only minor repairs have been carried out otherwise. Although the foundation was built of fieldstones and held together by soil rather than mortar, it has moved only slightly; a restoration performed in the 1970s demonstrated that the building had settled just 2 in in 140 years.</p><br>
<p>In late 1975, Armstrong Chapel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places by the name of "United Methodist Church." It is one of five sites in Indian Hill that is listed on the National Register, along with the Elliott House, the Jefferson Schoolhouse, the Gordon E. Pape House, and the Washington Heights School. Armstrong qualified for inclusion on the Register because of its place in local history, because of its connection to locally prominent individual Nathanial Armstrong, and because of its well-preserved historic architecture. The historic site designation encompassed the Armstrong cemetery, as well as the church building. Today, Armstrong Chapel continues as an active congregation of the United Methodist Church. As the congregation grew in the early twenty-first century, a new building was deemed necessary; a groundbreaking ceremony was held at the end of August 2009, and the new structure was substantially completed in October of the following year.</p><br>
<p>Universalist Church Historic District is a registered historic district in Montgomery, Ohio, listed in the National Register of Historic Places on December 2, 1970. It contains 3 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>It is one of five locations in Montgomery that is listed on the Register, along with the Blair House, the Montgomery Saltbox Houses, the Wilder-Swaim House, and the Yost Tavern.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Church Related Residence</p><br>
<p>Village Historic District is a registered historic district in Wyoming, Ohio, listed in the National Register of Historic Places on August 25, 1986. It contains 277 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>Dominant 19th Century architectural styles in the Village Historic District: Italianate (1860s and 1870s), Eastlake (1880s), Queen Anne (1885-1900), Shingle (1890s).</p><br>
<p>Dominant 20th Century architectural styles in the Village Historic District: American Four Square (1900-1910), Bungaloid (1910-1930), Colonial Revival (1905-1930), Tudor Revival (1910-1940).</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Single Dwelling</p><br>
<p>The Village of Addyston Historic District is a historic district in the village of Addyston, located along the Ohio River near Cincinnati in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. The remnant of two company towns, the district is primarily residential in character, with only occasional examples of larger architecture.</p><br>
<p>In 1891, the unincorporated communities of Sekitan and East Addyston merged and were incorporated under the name of "Addyston". Both communities were company towns; founded in 1887, they continued to expand until about 1900. As a result of their origins, the communities&#39; architecture (especially that of East Addyston, which was almost completely residential) was unusually homogeneous; what few distinctive buildings were built were in Sekitan, the older portion. The conceptual difference between the two portions of the village endured long after the municipal merger; separate post offices served the two portions into the 1930s, and as late as the 1960s, they were often regarded as separate communities.</p><br>
<p>Much of present-day Addyston was designated a historic district in 1991. Almost all of the villages buildings are included within its boundaries; most of the surviving residences are non-descript small vernacular houses built before 1930, with a scattering of religious, community, and commercial architecture. The majority of the non-residential buildings of all types are located in the districts western portion, where Sekitan was established. The district comprises 384 buildings; more than five out of every six buildings in the district qualified as contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>The Charlton Wallace House is a historic residence in the East Walnut Hills neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Older than all other houses in the neighborhood, it was constructed in 1840 for a group of French-born Catholic monks who brought the house&#39;s elaborate wrought iron up the Mississippi River from New Orleans.</p><br>
<p>Built with a mix of stone and brick on a stone foundation, the Wallace House was constructed in a distinctive French Provincial style of architecture. Its unusual architecture mixes plain, unadorned elements with certain Romantic elements that is common in French Provincial buildings in the United States. In 1849, the house was converted into a rectory for the newly founded St. Francis de Sales Catholic Church. Given its new role, the house became a leading part of the Catholic Church&#39;s presence in the neighborhood. With the construction of the new church building on an adjacent lot in 1851, the parish priest moved into the house, and it was also used as the parish school in its earliest years. Additionally, the house may have served a more surreptitious purpose: local legend holds that a room in the rear of the basement was employed as a station on the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<p>In 1877, the parish began to build its present complex of buildings on Woodburn Avenue in Walnut Hills. After the completion of the new property, the parish sold the property; it was later used as the private residence of a family named Baumgartner. In 1976, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its well-preserved historic architecture and because of its place in local history.</p><br>
<p>Walnut Hills United Presbyterian Church is a historic church tower in the Walnut Hills neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. The last remnant of a landmark church building, it was designed by a leading Cincinnati architect and built in the 1880s. Although named a historic site a century after its construction, the building was mostly destroyed after extensive neglect caused restoration to become prohibitively expensive.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pioneer Presbyterian minister James Kemper helped to organize a Presbyterian congregation in the area of Walnut Hills in 1818. After sixty years, the congregation merged with another one, which worshipped at the nearby Lane Theological Seminary, and before long the united congregation needed a larger building. Prominent architect Samuel Hannaford was chosen to produce the design. Hannaford had already gained a reputation as one of Cincinnatis best architects, following his production of Music Hall in the 1870s, and the citys growth provided plenty of demand for the services of such an architect; by the late 1870s, he had already completed designs for churches such as St. Georges Catholic Church and St. Lukes Episcopal Church. His design for the Presbyterians in Walnut Hills resembled some of the others, with a large corner tower, a prominent steeple with spire, walls faced with ashlar, and a general Gothic Revival appearance. It was twice expanded: a chapel was constructed in 1891, and Hannaford&#39;s company added a larger section in 1929, but these additions had been removed by the late 1970s.</p><br>
<p>By the early 2000s, the building was no longer used for ecclesiastical purposes; preservation groups attempted to find a buyer to renovate it, suggesting that it be used for purposes such as a community center or offices for a film production firm. However, the building was ultimately destroyed: the neighboring funeral home needed the land in order to expand its parking lot, while the buildings condition was poor enough that restoration seemingly would have required millions of dollars. Deconstruction began in early 2003, with the removal of stained glass and asbestos, and the building was largely demolished by mid-year. Preservationists were able to save part of the building, paying $160,000 to buy the churchs tower and arrange to except it from demolition; their goal has been to ensure its structural stability and create a small monument around it, ensuring the churchs partial continuation in the neighborhoods built environment.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Although faced with stone, the church was actually built of brick on a stone foundation and covered with a slate roof. Two and a half stories tall, it was constructed with an irregular floor plan, while the exterior walls rose to a large gable near the bell tower on the corner. Dominating the fenestration was a massive stained glass window in the gable, while the tower features Gothic windows on its lower stories and paired openings to the un-windowed belfry at its top. The spire is no longer in place on the tower; like the chapel and other additions, it had been removed by the late 1970s. Remaining in place next to the tower is an entrance, which prior to demolition sat in front of the church&#39;s four-bay southern side. Scattered other components of the building survived its demolition: part of the pulpit was given to a church in Ripley, the cornerstone from the 1818 church building was donated to other Presbyterians in the area, and numerous structural elements such as woodworking and stained glass were sold to members of the public.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>In 1980, the church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture; it was part of a group of more than fifty Hannaford-designed buildings submitted to the Register together as part of a multiple property submission. Its historic site status could not prevent its demolition: National Register designation places no restrictions on private owners&#39; right to modify or destroy their properties, and neither the city of Cincinnati nor Hamilton County had given the church any legal protections. More than ten years after demolition, the entire building remains on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Washington Heights School is a registered historic building in Indian Hill, Ohio, listed in the National Register on July 30, 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Heights School is one of five sites in Indian Hill that is listed on the National Register, along with the Elliott House, the Jefferson Schoolhouse, the Gordon E. Pape House, and the Methodist church.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>The Washington Heights School, also known as "The Little Red Schoolhouse", was built in 1873 in what is now the Village of Indian Hill, Ohio (a suburb northeast of Cincinnati). It replaced a log building diagonally opposite todays site at the northeast corner of Given Road and Camargo Road. The building was operated as a rural one-room schoolhouse until 1940. It was one of three schools in todays Village boundaries (the others being the Jefferson School and the Franklin School).</p><br>
<p>The Village of Indian Hill used it as Administrative Offices from approximately 1941 until 1956.</p><br>
<p>The Board of Education of Indian Hill Schools utilized the building from 1961 to 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Indian Hill Historical Society was formed in 1973 and restored the schoolhouse. A kitchen, restrooms, and handicap accessibility ramp were part of the renovations.</p><br>
<p>Today the building is available for rent for weddings, parties, meetings, etc. Additionally, the Indian Hill Historical Society uses it for various educational programs including a one-room schoolhouse experience for local schools&#39; 4th graders.</p><br>
<p>Westwood United Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Constructed in 1896 for an established congregation, it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Westwood Methodist Episcopal Church formed in 1838, and the members worshipped in each houses until 1842. By the 1890s, the members were ready for a newer building, and they contracted with master architect Samuel Hannaford to design it. Hannaford had designed numerous Cincinnati-area churches by this time, concentrating on the Gothic Revival and Romanesque Revival styles. Completed in 1896, the building was functionally unchanged for its first thirty years, although the first of multiple additions was constructed in 1926.</p><br>
<p>The church occupies a corner lot at the heart of the Westwood neighborhood. A clear example of the Gothic Revival style, the church is distinguished by a tall steeple crowned by a yet taller spire. The overall massing of the building is composed by its multi-gabled form and extensive fenestration, filled with stained glass, and the exterior is covered with rough-faced ashlar stonework. Slates cover the roof, and elements of copper and sandstone are prominent, due to the copper covering on the eight-sided spire and the large sandstone lintels surrounding the windows in the belfry and the main section of the building. Much of the building&#39;s ornamentation is also placed on the steeple, including windows with fleurs de lis and quatrefoils in their designs, and buttresses supporting the overall structure.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, central Westwood was designated a historic district, the Westwood Town Center Historic District, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and the church (now part of the United Methodist Church) was included as one of the district&#39;s contributing properties. Six years later, the church was individually listed on the Register, along with more than fifty other Hannaford-designed buildings in the Cincinnati area; like most of the other buildings in the group, it qualified for designation because of its historically significant architecture.</p><br>
<p>The James Whallon House is a historic former farmhouse in the village of Greenhills near Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. It was at least the third Ohio home of James Whallon and his family, who settled in the region in 1800, purchased the land around the present house in 1806, and built a log cabin on the property before constructing the present house in 1816.</p><br>
<p>The Whallon House is a brick structure, two stories tall and topped with a gabled roof. After military service during the War of 1812, Whallon constructed the house himself, using clay to make the bricks by hand. James Whallon was a leading member of society into the second third of the nineteenth century. Besides farming, he operated a distillery that produced whiskey and brandy, and he held office as a justice of the peace from 1818 to 1835. In his later years, he joined the temperance movement (and consequently closed his distillery) and participated in education, building a school on the site of his log cabin.</p><br>
<p>Since Whallon&#39;s lifetime, his house has served a variety of purposes. For a time, it was the home of George Marquardt, but it has since ceased to be used for residential purposes; in the third quarter of the twentieth century, it was used as a community center. During the Great Depression, the village of Greenhills was constructed as a planned community; putting the former Winton Road farmhouse within the village. Today, the house at 11000 Winton Road is the location of the Greenhills village offices.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the James Whallon House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It qualified for inclusion both because of its well-preserved historic Federal architecture and because of its connection to James Whallon.</p><br>
<p>The Whitewater Shaker Settlement  is a former Shaker settlement near New Haven in Crosby Township, Ohio, United States. Established in 1824 and closed in 1916, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 as a historic district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The origins of White Water trace back to a small group of settlers in southern Butler County, Ohio, who gathered together as Shakers in 1822, possibly earlier. In 1823, the members of three prominent Butler County families joined, and this community (which had no formal name) moved to a larger farm. Undoubtedly at the urging of an early convert, Miriam Agnew, the Union Village ministry increased its spiritual and material support for White Water, culminating in the first purchase of land for White Water by Union Village trustees in 1824. The newly gathered Believers were joined in 1824 by the Darby Plain Shakers, whose former New Light and Farnhamite preacher, Nathan Burlingame, was the first to arrive at White Water from that abandoned central Ohio community.</p><br>
<p>The first years were difficult because their few acres were forested and poor for farming. Noting the deprivations of the group, Calvin Morrell wrote later at Union Village, "It was Lent with them nearly all year round." In 1825, however, the Shakers were able to purchase 215 acre of good land for a mill seat on the Dry Fork of the Whitewater River, and the new community moved again to the site of the White Water North Family. Union Village brethren arrived in 1826 to help establish the family. The brick Meeting House was completed in 1827, the same year that the Shakers&#39; sawmill on the Dry Fork commenced operations. That year membership swelled when West Union was dissolved. In 1835 there were 42 females and 35 males, including children, in spite of defections during years just past. During this time the White Water Shakers established a cemetery located between the South and Center Families. The upkeep and maintenance of the cemetery is now the responsibility of Crosby Township.</p><br>
<p>Another group that added to the ranks of the White Water Shakers were followers of William Miller. He predicted the exact moment in April 1844 for Christ&#39;s Second Coming. People wound up their earthly affairs, dressed in ascension robes, and waited. Miller set another date six months later, but that final judgment day passed, too. His disappointed followers, the Millerites or Second Adventists, were courted by the Shakers who convinced the Millerites that the Shakers had already experienced the Second Coming in a spiritual sense.</p><br>
<p>At its peak with the conversion of the Millerites in 1846, White Water village comprised 706 acre in Hamilton County and 190 acre in Butler County on which 200 believers in two families worked the large farm and engaged in a variety of industries. The Shakers would purchase additional land and establish a third family in the 1850s, and they remained a vibrant community into the 1880s when the long, slow decline began. The White Water Shakers operated a grist mill, sawmill, and possibly a brewery. They raised broom corn and manufactured brooms, sold packaged garden seeds (grossing $5,704 in 1857), and maintained large apple orchards for the sale of applesauce and cider. Other industries included sorghum molasses, honey, and preserved currents, grapes, and strawberries. The Shakers also raised silkworms for the manufacture of their own shawls, scarves, and handkerchiefs. In the final years of the community, the Believers were well known for raising fish in two Shaker-made ponds and for selling turkey eggs.</p><br>
<p>The Civil War affected the White Water Shaker community. In April 1863, Morgan&#39;s Raiders passed through the community. Because a mill worker warned the rest of the community of the approach of the Raiders and the Shakers quickly hid their horses, only two horses were stolen. However, pursuing Union cavalrymen troops arrived on the following day, and they too took horses.</p><br>
<p>After 30 years of decline and a change in leadership, in 1911 the Union Village ministry decided to lease the South, Center, and North Family farms. The remaining Shakers resided in the Office until 1916, when the farms were sold. Land owned by the community over its 94 years of existence included 1,128 acre in Hamilton County, 664 acre in Butler County, and 972 acre in Clinton County – totaling 2,764 acre. December 4, 1916, marked the final land sale and the departure of Elder Andrew Barrett and Eldress Mary Gass. Elder Barrett went to Hancock, the Shaker community near Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Eldress Mary Gass went to Mount Lebanon, New York, the leading Shaker community in the East. While the South and Center farms remained in agricultural use, the North Family land was subsequently divided and the brick Meeting House and Dwelling House passed to separate owners.</p><br>
<p>In 1991, the Great Parks of Hamilton County District purchased much of the remaining White Water buildings and land. The Park District owns 23 original Shaker-built or Shaker-used structures, including the 1827 two-story meetinghouse (the only extant brick Shaker meetinghouse), the 1832-33 North Family dwelling, a brick Trustees Office with its 1855 date stone, a brick shop, a frame broom shop, and numerous barns and farm outbuildings. In all, this is the largest collection of Shaker building in Ohio and represents one of the most intact of all the Shaker villages. The North Family is now operated by the Friends of White Water Shaker Village Nonprofit, after taking control of the North Familys eight acres and ten historic buildings through a long term lease with the Great Parks of Hamilton County in 2007. The Friends of White Water Shaker Village are actively involved in restoration and preservation projects at White Water Shaker Village. They also occasionally offer public tours of the North Family Meeting House and Dwelling throughout the year.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Wilder–Swaim House is a historic house in Montgomery, Ohio, United States. Built in 1815,</p><br>
<p>The most significant event in the houses history was a major expansion around 1840; such an expansion was a common event in early Montgomery as it transitioned from a frontier settlement to an established community. Although most of Montgomerys nineteenth-century buildings date from the first half of the century, houses as old as the Wilder–Swaim House are rare. It has been changed less by time than have many other surviving early houses; as a result, it has been seen as one of the area&#39;s best-preserved early Federal structure.</p><br>
<p>In 1981, the Wilder–Swaim House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, due to its well-preserved historic architecture. It is one of five locations in Montgomery that is listed on the Register, along with the Blair House, the Montgomery Saltbox Houses, the Universalist Church Historic District, and the Yost Tavern. Today, the house is used by a historic preservation organization known as the Montgomery Historic Preservation Association.</p><br>
<p>Samuel and Sally Wilson House is a registered historic building in Cincinnati, Ohio, listed in the National Register on November 15, 2000. It was a stop on the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Single Dwelling</p><br>
<p>From the 1840s to the 1870s, well-to-do merchants and businessmen moved to the College Hill neighborhood of Cincinnati, making it a prestigious rural village characterized by large homes on spacious lots. The presence of two colleges in College Hill attracted abolitionist Presbyterian educators. These educational opportunities attracted Samuel and Sally Wilson, Presbyterians who had been criticized while living in Reading, Ohio, for their abolitionist view. Two of their seven children had previously attended the Cary Academy in College Hill and in 1848 their daughter Mary became a charter faculty member of the Ohio Female College there, which admitted women and employed female faculty.</p><br>
<p>The Wilsons built their Greek Revival home in College Hill in 1849, after which it became a station on the Underground Railroad until at least 1852. During these years, ten members of the family lived in the house, including four adult children, three grandchildren, and an aunt. In this house the Wilson family made important contributions to the history of the community through their leadership in American educational, religious, political and civic events. The abolitionist efforts of three of the adult children, Mary Jane Wilson Pyle, Harriet Nesmith Wilson, and Joseph Gardner Wilson, are documented in many sources. Mary, widowed in 1848, had been teaching at the College since then, while the youngest daughter Harriet taught in local public schools for 30 years, and lived at the Wilson house from 1849 until her death at age 95 in 1920. The youngest son Joseph was also a local professor, and lived at home until 1852. Joseph collected apparel from the families of this students and cooperated in obtaining disguises for runaways.</p><br>
<p>While the other four adults who lived in the house are not mentioned by name in existing documentation, they probably assisted fugitive slaves during the years that the house was used as a station. A local publication by the Cincinnati Historic Society states "All the Wilson children were active in the abolitionist movement and aided many Blacks to make their way north by supplying food, clothing, and a hiding place." In the early 20th century several groups of elderly African American men returned to the house and asked to see the cellar where they had once hidden and recognized the Wilsons former housekeeper, Christine Gramm, still living at the house where she had first been employed in the 1850s. An extensive letter written by Harriet Wilson in 1892 describes her familys efforts helping slaves escape through College Hill. On one occasion when pursuers were headed to College Hill to search for runaway slaves, Harriet state "The women being entertained by our family were terribly frightened declaring that they would die rather than be taken and carried back. Though quite large in size they were ready and willing to crawl through a small aperture into a dark cellar where they would be safe." She states that her sister Mary "was for many years a teacher...and were living could give you vivid pictures of the workings of the Underground R.R., for but a few who traveled by it to College Hill, but who were encouraged by her words of cheer and aided by her helping hand." Harriet worked in Cincinnati and returned to College Hill on the weekends. Prior to her trip home on Friday evenings, she was given the number of slaves en route to College Hill so the "stations" were ready for their arrival. She recalls that "frequently, when at home on Saturday and asking for some article of clothing, I would receive the reply, Gone to Canada."</p><br>
<p>After the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, Harriet recalled that "the work had become too well known... it was deemed wiser to have it carried on by other less exposed routes so in the years immediately preceding the civil war, there were comparatively none coming to the Hill yet those interested in the cause of human rights did their part financially to help in the work...."</p><br>
<p>The Samuel and Sally Wilson House is located at 1502 Aster Place, in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is a private residence, and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Wilson-Gibson House is a historic residence in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the middle of the 19th century, it features a mix of two prominent architectural styles, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>The lot currently located at 425 Oak Street was originally part of a subdivision known as "Vernon Village". Although the property was first owned by John Frazier, James Wilson bought it in 1859 at sheriffs sale and soon began construction on the site. Soon after its completion in the following year, Wilsons brother moved into the new house and lived in it for thirteen years, vacating it only at his death. Among the later owners was Louis Hauck, whose daughter Katherine Gibson was the owner whose name is on the house.</p><br>
<p>Built of brick on a stone foundation, the Wilson-Gibson House is a two-and-a-half-story residence with walls full of shuttered windows. Unusually, it mixes components of two popular architectural styles that overlapped but little: the earlier Federal style and the later Neoclassical style. Cincinnati architectural historians have suggested that the house is patterned after the Taft Museum of Art downtown; both buildings are brick Federal structures with fanlights and sidelights around their grand double doors, paired internal chimneys, and six-over-six windows.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, the Wilson-Gibson House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. One of nearly 250 Cincinnati locations on the Register, it qualified for inclusion based on its distinctive historic architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Winton Place Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic church building in the Winton Place neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, that was constructed as the home of a congregation of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the late nineteenth century. The congregation grew out of a group that was founded in 1856; although the members erected their first building in 1860, they were not officially organized until 1872. Among the leading members of the congregation was Samuel Hannaford, a prominent Cincinnati architect. When the congregation chose to build a new church building in 1884, Hannaford was chosen as the architect for the project. At this time, Hannaford was near to the peak of his prestige: he had ended a partnership with another architect seven years before, and his reputation was growing with his designs of significant Cincinnati-area buildings such as the Cincinnati Music Hall.</p><br>
<p>Hannaford&#39;s design was a stone building, one-and-one-half stories tall; laid in ashlar blocks, while its roof is composed of slates. It is predominantly a Romanesque Revival structure, with certain elements that resemble the Richardsonian Romanesque style. Among the most distinctive elements of its facade is a large Romanesque Revival arch above the entrance. Other Romanesque Revival details include three arcaded windows with columns, plus a large octagonal tower on the southeastern corner of the building, which features a belfry, narrow windows, and a steep slate roof.</p><br>
<p>Two of the most important events in the history of this church building occurred after Hannaford&#39;s death. Soon after he died on January 7, 1911, his funeral was held in the church, and thirteen years later, the building was expanded.</p><br>
<p>Early in March 1980, the Winton Place Methodist Episcopal Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Seven other Cincinnati-area church buildings designed by Hannaford, as well as dozens of other structures in the city, were listed on the National Register at the same time as part of a multiple property submission. Today, the church building is no longer used by any congregation of the large United Methodist Church: it is now the home of the Winton Community Free Methodist Church.</p><br>
<p>The Gorham A. Worth House is a historic residence in the Mount Auburn neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Located atop a hill along Auburncrest Avenue, the house was built in 1819 in a version of the Federal style of architecture.</p><br>
<p>Gorham A. Worth purchased rural property northeast of the village of Cincinnati in 1818. He had settled in Hamilton County one year previously, having been named the cashier of the Cincinnati branch of the Bank of the United States. By the end of the following year, he had constructed the present two-story frame structure. Composed of a central structure, wings on each side, and a rear ell, the house features a large, five-bay porch around its entrance; among the distinctive elements of this porch are wooden columns crafted in the Tuscan order. The design of the main entrance closely resembles that of the grand Baum-Taft House in Lytle Park, which was constructed in the following year. Among the Worth Houses later residents were the family of a locally prominent man, Robert McGregor; he was the namesake for a nearby street, McGregor Avenue, and he was of sufficient social status that his daughter was able to meet Albert, Prince of Wales, during his mid-century visit to the United States. After the McGregors, the house was home to the family of Guy Ward Mallon, a significant figure in the history of Ohios political structure; he was responsible for introducing the Australian ballot into Ohio elections, for pioneering the effort to reorganize Cincinnati&#39;s city charter, and for writing a popular guide to elections.</p><br>
<p>One of the first houses to be built on Mount Auburn, the Gorham A. Worth House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It qualified for inclusion on the Register because of its well-preserved historic architecture, which was deemed to be significant throughout Ohio.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Thew Wright House is a historic residence in the far western part of Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Located in the neighborhood of Riverside, it was originally home to lawyer and federal judge Daniel Thew Wright, and it has been named a historic site because of its distinctive architecture.</p><br>
<p>Daniel Thew Wright was a native of Riverside, born there in 1864, at which time it was still a separate municipality; he was the son of D. Thew Wright, a judge of the common pleas court for Hamilton County. After graduating from the University of Cincinnati College of Law in 1887, the younger Wright entered into private practice in Cincinnati before taking a succession of mayoral and judicial offices; he later served as a judge on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia before retiring. In 1895, while a common pleas court judge, Wright purchased land of his father in Riverside and soon began the construction of the present house.</p><br>
<p>Built of wood on a foundation of random stone, the Wright&#39;s house combines architectural components such as the Palladian window, Ionic capitals on the pilasters, dentils, and pediments atop the gables. Inside, elements such as the fireplace mantels and the doors and doorways demonstrate Neoclassical design influences on their trim. Taken together, these components produce a prominent example of the Colonial Revival style.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, the Wright House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its place in local history and its historically significant architecture. It is one of two Register-listed houses on River Road (US 50) in Riverside, along with the substantially older Matthew McWilliams House a short distance to the east.</p><br>
<p>Wyoming Presbyterian Church is a registered historic building in Wyoming, Ohio, listed in the National Register on March 3, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The church building was completed May 18, 1890, replacing a wood frame church originally constructed in 1870. The most recent addition to the building occurred in 2003 and is visible from the Burns Ave side of the building.</p><br>
<p>The church property itself is home to several very old and unique trees.</p><br>
<p>The Yost Tavern is a historic former inn in the city of Montgomery, Ohio, United States. Built in 1805, when Montgomery was founded, it remained in operation as a lodging establishment until a long period of use as a house, and it was donated to the city after being owned by the local Kiwanis chapter. It has also been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Abraham Yost both lived and operated a tavern in the building, and his business flourished because of its location along the highway to Cincinnati. He built the structure in 1805, the year in which the village of Montgomery was incorporated. Within four years, Columbus-bound traffic was causing business to boom; Yosts customers purchased more than fifty barrels of whiskey in 1809 alone. After Yost, the building became a house alone; White Miller bought it in 1870, and his descendants remained in ownership and in residence until 1968. In the latter year, the communitys Kiwanis club purchased the property, donated some of the chattels to the local historical society, and sold the remnant at public auction. The club retained the tavern for just eleven years before giving it to the Montgomery city government in 1979.Rose, Mary Lou, ed. The building currently serves as the corporate headquarters of WorkFlex Solutions LLC.</p><br>
<p>. Montgomery: Montgomery Historical Society, 1995, 13-14.</p><br>
<p>Architecturally, the tavern is a simple gable-front structure with a rear lean-to. The two-story facade is pierced by four openings (a doorway and window on the first floor, and two windows on the second), with another entrance to the side. The walls are weatherboarded, set on a stone foundation and covered by a metal roof.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, the old tavern was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its significant importance in community history. It is one of five locations in Montgomery to be listed on the Register, along with the Blair House, the Montgomery Saltbox Houses, the Universalist Church Historic District, and the Wilder-Swaim House. The building also has been designated as a local landmark by the Montgomery city government.</p><br>
<p>Young Women&#39;s Christian Association of Cincinnati is a historic building in Cincinnati, Ohio. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 16, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Young Women&#39;s Christian Association of Cincinnati was founded in 1868.</p><br>
<p>The building hosts an active YWCA fitness facility. It is located Downtown Cincinnati at Ninth Street and Walnut.</p><br>
<p>Dr. William S. Alexander House, in Oxford, Ohio, was built in 1869 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The house was recognized as a good example of an I-house with transitional Greek Revival and Italianate elements. It has an unusual two-style side portico.</p><br>
<p>It is also significant for association with two doctors, Dr. Herschel Hinkley and Dr. William S. Alexander, who assisted the town in days before hospitals and clinics were available, while also serving at Miami University, and represent "town-gown" relations in a good way.</p><br>
<p>The house was later used as a bed and breakfast, and in 2010 it was in use as a Japanese restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The Anderson–Shaffer House is a historic residence in the city of Hamilton, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the middle of the nineteenth century, it was home to a succession of owners in its early years, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>After years of farming in Butler County, Daniel Rumple moved into the county seat of Hamilton during the middle of the 19th century and bought a 50% share in a community hardware store. Needing a residence, he commissioned the construction of the present house, which was completed in 1859 by a team under the leadership of carpenter/bricklayer P.H. Gilbert. Following Rumples death five years later, the property was purchased by William and Rachel Anderson, another prosperous business owner. Anderson had entered Hamiltons commercial circles with a leatherworking business, although he switched into the field of milling in 1853. The "Shaffer" component of the houses name is derived from George K. Shaffer, who married one of William Andersons daughters and became a partner in his milling company in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Built of brick and covered with a slate roof, the Anderson–Shaffer House is surrounded by a decorative iron fence. A small iron porch shelters the main entrance, which is placed in the middle of the three-bay facade; windows are placed in the side bays of the first story and all three bays of the second. The side, narrower than the front, is divided into two bays with windows in each; it rises to a gable with a third-story window. Decorative corbelling lies under the edge of the roof, forming a cornice, while the roofline is punctuated by two chimneys. Besides the main entrance, one may leave the house through the middle of the three windows on the second story of the facade: it opens onto the roof of the porch, which is fenced with iron to prevent falls. Inside, the house is built with a floor plan based on a modified form of the letter "T". Among the interior features is a builder&#39;s mark on the banister along the stairway, placed by P.H. Gilbert.</p><br>
<p>In early 1974, the Anderson–Shaffer House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historic architecture and because of its place as the home of a leading local citizen, William Anderson. It is one of more than eighty National Register-listed properties countywide.</p><br>
<p>Augspurger Grist Mill is a registered historic building in Woodsdale, Butler County, Ohio, listed in the National Register on 1984-11-01.</p><br>
<p>It was a three-story building with a full basement floor built into a bank. It is vernacular in style but with Italianate influences. Its gable end facade features brick pilasters dividing it into three bays, and doorways to permit grain loading in the central bay of each level. The grist mill was part of a company town of the Augspurger Paper Company.</p><br>
<p>Based on a photo of the site, it appears to have been demolished by 2012.</p><br>
<p>Frederick Augspurger Farm is a group of registered historic buildings near Trenton, Ohio, listed in the National Register on 1984-08-03. It consists of the house, the bank barn, the smokehouse, and the summer kitchen.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land for the property was purchased by Christian Augspurger from John Holly in 1847. The land went from his son, John Augspurger, to Frederick Augspurger in 1849. The house itself was built in 1865–1870, with two stories and a truncated hip roof. The farm was sold out of Mennonite hands by 1899, after the passing of Frederick Augspurger.</p><br>
<p>John Augspurger Farm No. 2 is a historic building near Trenton, Ohio, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The two-story, rectangular farmhouse represents part of the grouping of the Amish Mennonites&#39; settlement buildings. It is designed in the I-house style in an Amish house type and was built between 1846 and 1853.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Single Dwelling</p><br>
<p>Samuel Augspurger Farm is a historic building near Trenton, Ohio, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The farmhouse, barn, family cemetery and 17 acres are now owned by Butler County Metroparks and operated as a museum known as the Chrisholm Historic Farmstead.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Single Dwelling - 1874 farmhouse.</p><br>
<p>Cemetery</p><br>
<p>Agricultural Outbuildings, including the Rosemont Barn.</p><br>
<p>Austin–Magie Farm and Mill District is a registered historic district near Oxford, Ohio, listed in the National Register on December 21, 1982. It contains 5 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>The farm, mill site and millrace are significant as they represent the intensive nineteenth century agricultural and processing activities in Butler County, Ohio. Between 1815–1916, the Austin–Pugh mills were an integral component of this areas industry and commerce. The main farmhouse, built 1841, is a solid embodiment of rural vernacular architecture, and the associated outbuildings enhance the agrarian setting. The limestone mill foundation and mile-long mill race are tangible evidence of Oxford Townships largest mill complex. Aaron Austin, builder of the house, and mill owned the property from 1815–1863.</p><br>
<p>Subsequently, the property was acquired by David M. Magie, one of Ohios most prominent stock farmers and swine breeders. As early as 1837 Magie had earned a reputation for his superior breed of swine. These large, well proportioned hogs, forerunners of the Poland China breed, were widely known as the "Magie Breed." Many agrarian historians consider the Poland China hog Ohios greatest contribution to the breeding of fine livestock in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Single Dwelling</p><br>
<p>Animal Facility</p><br>
<p>Manufacturing Facility</p><br>
<p>The Benninghofen House is a historic residence located in Hamilton, Ohio, United States. Constructed in the 1860s, this house has been named a historic site for its high-quality architecture. Once the home of prominent Hamilton residents, it has been converted into a museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Constructed in 1862, the house was built for Hamilton lawyer Noah C. McFarland, who became a politician and public servant a few years later: he was the senator for the district encompassing Butler and Warren Counties from 1866 to 1868, and from 1881 to 1885 he was the commissioner of the federal United States General Land Office. He only resided in the house for twelve years before selling it to John Benninghofen in 1874.</p><br>
<p>An immigrant from the German kingdom of Prussia, Benninghofen had established himself as a textile magnate in the 1850s, and by 1874 the firm of Benninghofen and Shuler had branched out into the paper-manufacturing business that later became a mainstay of the local economy.</p><br>
<p>Built of brick with iron elements, the Benninghofen House is a high-quality Italianate structure. Among the clearest examples of the style are the windows and front porch: the windows (some paired and some single) feature rounded arches, while the porch features small columns with decorative elements both at top and bottom.</p><br>
<p>Some of the windows (more on the side than on the front) are rectangular instead of rounded; some of these feature complicated lintel constructions instead of simple frames. Besides the "normal" porch surrounding the main entrance, the house includes a subsidiary second-story porch placed above the entrance to the main porch. The hip roof covering the house is supported on all sides by bracketing, which combines to form a decorative cornice. A metal fence with stone base separates the property from the sidewalk and street.</p><br>
<p>No longer a residence, the Butler County Historical Society maintains the Benninghofen House as a historic house museum. Some of the interior is maintained at its nineteenth-century appearance, although with minor changes such as the relocation of a painting from a hallway to the formal parlor. Other parts have been converted for unrelated museum purposes, such as the basement, which holds a display depicting dentist&#39;s tools from the nineteenth century. Yet other parts hold artifacts such as the Civil War battle flag of the 35th Ohio Infantry, which belonged to Hamilton resident Ferdinand Van Derveer.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the Benninghofen House was added on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its historic architecture and because of its connection to John Benninghofen. It is one of sixteen Hamilton locations on the Register, and one of more than eighty countywide.</p><br>
<p>The Butler County Courthouse is located in Hamilton, Ohio and was constructed from 1885–1889 by architect David W. Gibbs. The courthouse is a registered historic building listed in the National Register on June 22, 1981.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Butler County was established in 1803 from a section of Hamilton County. The county seat selected was Hamilton and the first courthouse was built 1806 and the second in 1817 on the site of the present structure. When the county realized that the courthouse was too small for the population, a new plan by D.W. Gibbs and was designed in the Second Empire style with features from the Italianate style.</p><br>
<p>County officials laid the building&#39;s cornerstone on October 29, 1885. As county funds were insufficient for construction, contracts could not be let until enabling legislation for bond issuance had been passed by the Ohio General Assembly; the necessary legislation was sponsored by George F. Elliott, the senator from Butler County. When originally built, the courthouse centered on a four-part clock tower, which was replaced by a smaller tower with a dome after the original tower collapsed in a 1912 fire. The 1912 tower remains in place, minus the dome, which fell prey to lightning in the 1920s.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The main entrance is reached by stairs which enter into a covered porch. Above the porch is a high design arch supported by Ionic columns. This arch in turn holds a pediment capped with an urn. The mansard-roof gives way to a central tower. The original tower was once four-tiered, domed, and capped with a statue of Justice. This was destroyed in a fire in 1912 when the tower collapsed. It was replaced shortly thereafter with a massive tower and dome designed by local architect Frederick Mueller, but the dome was removed in 1926 after it was struck by lightning. The octagonal tower remains and contains a four-faced clock and is topped with eight spires around the top.</p><br>
<p>When Butler County constructed the Government Services Center in 1999, architecture firm Lorenze and Williams (now LWC Inc.) replicated the green octagonal roof on top of the 11-story tower.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The interior was restored to its original appearance and is a perfect balance of symmetry and design elements. The lobby serves as a reception area as well as a museum housing the old clerk of court&#39;s desk and an antique cabinet with the hand of the original statue of Justice. The lobby is illuminated by a skylight and contains a beautiful walnut double staircase. A balcony runs along the open hallway of the third floor with arched portals to the offices around the exterior of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Demoret Mound is a Native American mound in the southwestern part of the USA state of Ohio. Located west of Ross in Butler County, the mound appears to have been constructed by Native Americans of the Woodland period. Although the Demoret Mound has not been excavated, it is likely to contain evidence of funerary practices; excavation of similar mounds has revealed postholes of structures believed to be houses or ceremonial buildings. Consequently, the archaeological value of the mound is significant; excavation might reveal information about practices not found in other mounds. In recognition of its archaeological value, the Demoret Mound was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Henry P. Deuscher House is a historic farmhouse in the countryside of the southwestern part of the USA state of Ohio. Located near the city of Trenton, it was originally home to one of the area&#39;s leading farmers, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>Henry P. Deuscher</h2><br>
<p>Born in the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1830, Henry P. Deuscher emigrated to the United States in early childhood. Upon entering into mans estate, he worked as a butcher in Trenton, but at the age of twenty-seven he bought a farm of 481 acre in Madison Township and soon moved to it. Deuschers itineracy continued: he soon left the farming life and became a storekeeper in Trenton with a Mr. Wannenwetsch, left the store and returned to his farm, and left the farm to run a distillery. In 1874, he formed H.P. Deuscher & Company to operate a malting business, but the company later changed from brewing to manufacturing farm equipment, and later school desks and other cast iron machinery and parts. Amid all of these other employments, Deuscher found time to form and command a company of the 83rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry during the Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Built of brick with sandstone elements on a stone foundation, the two-story Deuscher House features a central projecting bay containing the entrance and its fanlight; a small gable with oculus sits at the top of the projection. On the left side of the facade, as seen from the road, is a large bay window on the first floor with a single window on the second, while two windows are placed on each floor on the facades right side. A hip roof covers the house, descending to form a cornice supported by paired brackets. A small widows walk sits atop the roof, which is ringed by a railing and pierced by four chimneys, and three hood molded windows are placed in the bay. The farmstead includes three other buildings: a barn and shed dating from the farm&#39;s early years, and a much newer garage. These elements combine to make the 1870 residence a fine example of the Italianate style of architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1984, the Deuscher House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because it was the home of a prominent local resident and because of its historically significant architecture. Numerous other farmhouses in the vicinity of Trenton are listed on the National Register, but the Deuscher House differs greatly from the residue: all others were built by a group of German Amish Mennonites connected with the family of Christian Augspurger, and their plain designs differ greatly from Deuscher&#39;s high-style architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Dewitt Log Homestead is a historic building near Oxford, Ohio, listed in the National Register on April 13, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>This log cabin was built in 1805 by Zachariah Price Dewitt and Elizabeth Dewitt and is the oldest extant structure in the Oxford Township of Butler County, Ohio. It is the only remaining home of the several built by pioneers along the Four-Mile Creek, just east of what is now the Miami University campus. The cabin and surrounding land is now owned by Miami University and is maintained by the Oxford Museum Association as a historic house museum. The cabin is on the north side of Ohio State Route 73 where it crosses Four-Mile Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Biography of Zechariah DeWitt</h2><br>
<p>Zachariah DeWitt was born on April 24, 1768, in New Jersey, and by the 1780s, he had resettled in Kentucky along with two brothers. He married Elizabeth Teets (b. 1774) on March 11, 1790. When Ohio became a state in 1803, residents of Kentucky were drawn to its cheap and newly available land. By 1805 Zachariah and Elizabeth DeWitt had resettled near Four Mile Creek where he built his cabin and opened a sawmill. The cabin is on the east bank of the creek just north of Route 73. Both Zacariah and Elizabeth Dewittt are buried in the Darrtown, Ohio Pioneer Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Recent Years</h2><br>
<p>The cabin is located on property belonging to Miami University, and the structure has been leased to the Oxford Museum Association. The association undertook the restoration of the house in 1973. Work included exposing and fixing the original adz-marked timber walls, rebuilding the limestone chimney, and replacing floors. The smokehouse was restored in 1999–2000. The association finished its work in 2003. Later work included interior work. The site was dedicated in May 2003.</p><br>
<p>Edgeton is a historic residence in the city of Hamilton, Ohio, United States. Built in the 1860s, its earliest residents were prominent businessmen in Hamilton, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Jacob Shaffer, the first resident, was a prominent Hamilton banker whose offices were located across the street from the courthouse downtown, and he also was interested in a flour mill and the city&#39;s street railway. He was personally involved in the construction of the house, which was completed in 1865; it remained in his possession for eighteen years, culminating in 1883 upon the sale of the property to Harrison Leib. Formerly a resident of Cincinnati, Leib was a broker for a sugar cane firm and operated the Edgeton Farm Dairy, the name of which he gave his house. Built of brick with elements of stone, the house features a central porch with shuttered windows surrounding the main entrance, as well as corbelling supporting the cornice at the edge of the roof. Two stories tall, the house is covered with a hip roof. It is surrounded by wide grounds landscaped to resemble a park.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, Edgeton was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. It is one of sixteen Hamilton locations on the Register, and one of more than eighty countywide. Part of its significance derives from its placement in its neighborhood: one of western Hamiltons most prominent houses, it anchors the neighborhoods built environment both because of its architecture and because of its wide grounds.</p><br>
<p>The Abner Gaines House or Gaines Tavern History Center was built on the Old Lexington Pike in Walton, Kentucky in 1814. It is the oldest house in Walton and is built in the Federal Style, featuring three stairways and ten carved mantels.</p><br>
<p>The home&#39;s location was home to a tavern as early as 1795. Abner Gaines came to Kentucky from Virginia in 1804, became a Boone County Justice the following year, and purchased this tavern in 1813 before replacing it with the new house the following year. Gaines opened a Post Office in his tavern in 1815; Walton at that time being known as the "Gaines crossroads". Gaines then began the first stagecoach line between Cincinnati, Ohio and Lexington, Kentucky. In 1817 he was appointed Sheriff. Gaines and his wife Elizabeth Matthews had 13 children.</p><br>
<p>Local historians speculate that slaves owned by Gaines worked as skilled craftsmen to build the 17-room, -story main house.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in the Gaines family for four generations and was sold after the Civil War. In 1897, a newspaper article discusses whether to raze the property, but it was repaired by subsequent owners and used as an antiques shop from 1930s until 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Abner Gaines house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The home and 7.6 acre were purchased by the City of Walton in December 2006 for $325,000.00. After restoration it reopened as the Gaines Tavern History Center. In 2022, the building was featured on an episode of Ghost Hunters.</p><br>
<p>The Fitz Randolph–Rogers House is a historic farmhouse located outside the city of Hamilton in Butler County, Ohio, United States. Constructed during the 1840s, it was home to a well-known diarist of the 1860s, and it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Liberty Township farmer Benjamin Fitz Randolph arranged for the houses construction in 1840, although the project was not finished until 1844. Here he farmed and ran a tannery until 1860, when a widow, Lydia Rogers, bought the property. Her family inhabited it until selling it in 1931. While living with her mother in the 1860s, Rogers daughter Sarah Elizabeth Rogers kept a careful diary that made her a significant source for period social history after it was published in the journal of the Ohio Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Fitz Randolph arranged for a composite structure; the house is primarily a brick building, although elements of stone are also present. Like many other period buildings, the house is built in the Greek Revival style of architecture, but unlike most such houses, it is built on a hillside. The one-story facade is divided into five bays, with the central bay being occupied by an elaborate entrance: four columns, two on each side, form a post and lintel structure around the doorway, and a transom light is placed above the door. Stairs provide access to a stoop by the raised main entrance, and a frieze is placed immediately below the edge of the roof.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the Fitz Randolph–Rogers House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its historically significant architecture and because of its important place in local history.</p><br>
<p>Fortified Hill Works is a registered historic site near Hamilton, Ohio, listed in the National Register on July 12, 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Survey history</h2><br>
<p>The site was surveyed in 1847 by Ephraim George Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis. The works would be documented in their 1848 book, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. They noted that the ditch around the earthworks was on the outside, instead of inside of the wall. As of 1847, they described the ditch as being "equal" at the steepest points of the hill, and "almost obliterated" in other areas. The wall is noted as being eight to ten feet high, and following the shape of the hill it was built on. There are three entrances into the earthwork.</p><br>
<p>The top part of the earthwork is described as enclosing a small circle, one hundred feet in diameter, with two small mounds inside of it. A third mound, which has been "truncated" was just north of the small circle. Both the small mounds had altars found in them after excavation. Ash and sherd were found in the altars. The two men believed it was a fort for defense, with the altars providing spiritual assistance. This group is called the Newark Group.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Fortification</p><br>
